Book review

The Great Global Warming Blunder by Roy W. Spencer

Spencer: Great GW BlunderThe Great Global Warming Blunder: How Mother Nature Fooled the World’s Top Climate Scientists

by Roy W. Spencer

This book was given to me for review by the publisher.

Clouds

The trick Spencer says Mother Nature played on the world’s top climate scientists was to pull the cotton over their eyes. Cotton, I say, as in clouds. Spencer says other climatologists don’t understand clouds the way he does. Everybody has noticed that, at times, there have been fewer clouds hanging about. Spencer’s special understanding impels him to claim that fewer clouds cause the higher temperatures we have also seen. The other fellows insist that higher temperatures drove the clouds away. Who is right?

Let the battle commence!

We can’t just consider clouds, but must also investigate various other forces that might change the climate. However, there are nothing but minor skirmishes over forcing. All agree that, on average, more CO2, and other similar gases, pumped into the atmosphere means warmer weather. But how much warmer? If climate models are run at twice the pre-industrial levels of CO2, the direct warming effect is predicted to be only about 1 degree C. “And since atmospheric convection typically causes more warming at high altitudes than near the surface, the surface warming can amount to only 0.5 C.” Half a degree? A pittance! So why fret?

Because positive feedback might take that half degree and ramp it up into two, three, even four or more degrees at which point we’d face…well, we’d face something all right. Anybody paying attention to press reports might guess this something will be an environmental apocalypse, but never mind that. It’s feedback where the real fighting occurs.

Spencer spends a couple of chapters laying out the plan of his attack, first drawing the differences between forcing and feedback, writing for an audience who have had no experience in such matters. The examples are fine, but can be skipped by anybody who is looking for the heavy artillery, which is in Chapters 5 and 6.

Feedback and Forcing

All climate models—doing what they are designed to—predict the atmosphere will warm. But how much of the warming predicted by models have we seen so far? If anybody gives you a number which he swears to, don’t believe him. The manner and the places at which we measure temperature have changed and changed again, and are changing more even now. Even the weather satellites in “fixed” orbits have a nasty habit of wandering from their appointed paths. Turns out the uncertainty in the measurements from all these disparate sources is larger than the suspected change in temperature. Yet it is still the satellites from which we derive our most reliable data.

From satellites we can measure both temperature and cloud cover, and we can estimate the various forcings and feedbacks affecting the climate system. One possible positive feedback says that as the temperature warms, low-level clouds decrease, which in turn lets in more sunlight, which causes more warming, which…well, you get the idea. Is this feedback genuine? There have been observations of fewer clouds, but the feedback could have worked in a negative direction, too. Fewer clouds could have let in more sun, which caused heating which led to fewer clouds, and so on.

But how do researchers know that “warmer temperatures caused a decrease in cloud cover, rather than the decrease in cloud cover causing warmer temperatures?” They do not: it is merely assumed. If the feedback is positive, we might have some worrying to do; but if they feedback is negative, we’ll have to find another subject over which to fret.

Spencer and a colleague decided to check which direction the feedback worked by examining the data—and not relying on a model. Plotting the radiative energy imbalance against the observed temperature change is one way to estimate the direction and magnitude of feedback. But only just over seven years of reliable data exist from the CERES satellite, which is not a lot. This means our certainty, no matter what is discovered, cannot be high. Spencer does not emphasize this, but neither do the folks on the other side. Over-certainty is rampant in this field.

Figure 14 in the book shows that, very roughly, when the energy imbalance (due to forcings) is positive, the temperature increases; likewise when the imbalance is negative, temperature decreases. But this relationship is noisy. So noisy that in more than a third of cases when the imbalance is positive, temperature decreases, and when the imbalance is negative, temperature increases. It is from this very highly variable relationship that feedback is estimated.

Spencer re-examines his data and notes that “month-to-month line segments are preferentially aligned along a” different slope than the regression line fitted to the raw measurements. The line fitted to the raw measurements implies positive feedbacks are important. The line fitted to the month-to-month line segments say that negative feedbacks are.

This strategy is unusual, so I ran a simple experiment to investigate it. I first generated random points with the approximate normal distributions of the temperature change, and then simulated the regression line given in his picture with non-correlated residuals (with slope 2.5; the parameters chosen by eye; I stress the exact values do not matter). I then computed the ordinary regression line and also found how the “month-to-month line segments are preferentially aligned.” The simulated regression line—the true line in this case—indicates positive feedback. The month-to-month lines segments will have a larger slope, which indicates negative feedback.

Using ordinary regression, this month-to-month line is wrong: that is, the negative feedback implied by it is false. BUTand I want everybody to pay attention here—the ordinary regression line might very well be the wrong statistical model. That is, the month-to-month line-segments approach, at least to my ears, sounds like a better approximation to the physics than a linear regression. At the very least, more sophisticated time series models should be tried.

The data from month-to-month are correlated, obviously. But it is not clear to me that Spencer and other workers are properly accounting for this correlation when estimating feedback via regression. In my simulation I added in positively correlated data, to better approximate the real atmosphere. The situation is much the same: only in this case, we will be mis-estimating the actual regression line if we do not account for the correlation. There’s really no point in doing this, because methods for computing regressions in the presence of correlation are well known. Why they are so little used is anybody’s guess.

This doesn’t end it because Spencer, like many others, then decides the raw data looks too noisy—why oh why do people feel compelled to prettify their data!—and so smooths them with “running three-month averages” and then recomputes his feedback parameter. This unwise maneuver affects the regression estimates! The final results depend on the exact nature of the smoothing. Experiments I ran show the naive, regression-estimated feedback parameter can veer either direction, higher or lower depending on the amount of smoothing and correlation. The month-to-month line segments can, too. In other words, smoothing is nuts.

I want to stress—and stress again and stress some more—that even if Spencer and other workers used the correct statistical methods, a simple glance at the raw data is enough to convince us that any pronouncements about estimated feedback parameters must be accompanied by more than a healthy dose of uncertainty. This uncertainty is rarely given; Spencer does not give it. As it stands, it could be either negative or positive, each about equally likely.

Spencer realizes this in part, and so built a toy climate model (I use the word “toy” as physicists do, not as denigration, but as proof-of-concept) which incorporates his ideas about feedback to examine how the estimation methods work when the feedback mechanism is known exactly. What his result mean

for the diagnosis of feedbacks from satellite data is that when there is a mixture of radiative and nonradiative forcings of temperature occurring, natural cloud fluctuations in the climate system will cause a bias in the diagnosed feedback in the direction of positive feedback, thus giving the illusion of an overly sensitive climate system. [emphasis in original]

Very well. It’s Spencer’s model against the models of the IPCC. Who will win? Who knows? We do know that the IPCC models purposely incorporate positive feedback—and when the results are examined, they say, “Look at this dangerous positive feedback! Positive feedback, since it shows in the results of our models, must be real.” Circular thinking, of course.

PDO

Spencer, like many climatologists, indulges in some misplaced teleological language when discussing the PDO, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and its role in the climate. The PDO is—yes, it’s true—based upon a statistical model, a function of sea surface temperatures. Now, sometimes SSTs go up, sometimes they go down; the PDO attempts to capture these comings and goings in a single-number index. Experience has shown that the PDO oscillates in a rough, thirty-or-so-year cycle. Some have found that these oscillations are correlated with various changes in the climate: not just temperature, but other weather-important variables.

These correlations should not be surprising: whatever is causing the SSTs to change will be causing other changes in the climate system either directly or indirectly. It would be shocking if this were not so. But it would wrong to say, as many do say, that the PDO itself causes changes in the climate. This admonition holds also for ENSO. Thus, it’s no good pursuing PDO or ENSO saying that they can account for the observed warming. They cannot. They might be used in a statistical predictive sense, but are of little use as explanations of why the climate changes.

Matters Miscellaneous

I can well understand Spencer’s frustration when encountering True Belief, a malignancy in activists and a near fatal affliction in some climatologists. But his frequent, plaintive reminders that nobody has yet acknowledged his work put me in the mind of the cry, “Fools! I’ll destroy them all!” I won’t say that Spencer is to climatology what Stephan Wolfram is to computer science or Gregory Chaitin is to information theory, but we get it already: climatologists are in love with their models and unfriendly towards the contrary evidence Spencer offers, evidence which may well prove true. A “little more humility might be appropriate” (p. 120) if he wants unconvinced audiences to take him seriously.

There’s a cute chapter on common logical fallacies rife in this heated science. My favorite is appeal to authority, most often invoked from the peanut gallery crying “Peer review!” when they hear a criticism they don’t like. To non-scientists, peer review must sound like magic, an assurance of correctness. But we on the inside know it for what it is: a weak filter of quality. It is a paper sword.

I wish Spencer would have left out the editorializing about matters economic and political. It’s unwise to commit resources to other fronts when the lines in front of you are not secure. Enemies will exploit the weaknesses of these secondary arguments and then trumpet their success in finding flaws. Ordinary observers will only hear that mistakes have been found and will dismiss the entire work, if that is most comforting to them.

Overall

This book isn’t the last word in climate science, nor can it be used as the only word, but it does contain some good words. Spencer’s climate theories cannot be ignored and should be understood by all modelers, and for that reason alone, the book is worth reading.

Categories: Book review, Statistics

28 replies »

  1. “Turns out the uncertainty in the measurements from all these disparate sources is larger than the suspected change in temperature”

    This is the money quote. What it says to me is that so-called “man-made climate change” is indistiguishable from error variance. No wonder these einsteins from CRU and IPCC never publish real data or real statistical tests. They know they have negative results to explain away.

  2. I almost bought the book then I checked his wikipedia page
    and discovered he is a proponent of intelligent design.
    I find it hard to take him seriously now.

  3. Nothing really new hear. I recall John Henry Sununu talking about the weakness of the climate model due to lack of modeling cloud effects 20 years ago. Of course, being a republican, he got trashed in the press for being a heretic and a dope. (The fact he has a PhD from MIT in MechEng seems lost on most enviros.)
    The science and the quality of data supporting “climate-change” is so far below even freshman physics standards that anyone with any scientific training can punch holes in it. Sadly the state of science education is so poor in the US now adays that the scam has almost been pulled off.

  4. Larry says:
    28 November 2010 at 9:55 am

    I almost bought the book then I checked his wikipedia page
    and discovered he is a proponent of intelligent design.
    I find it hard to take him seriously now.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    I guess Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Kelvin, Newton and others shouldn’t be considered or even acknowledged then…

  5. I wonder what the climate would do if we stopped checking up on it every five minutes, measuring its temperature and divining what it might do next, as in fact was the case in days of yore and before Mankind stalked the Earth”s surface?

    Everything seemed to work out well over time back then – and despite the climate’s ups and downs we are, after all, all here thriving away as never before.

  6. Larry,

    What in the world does one have to do with the other? If he’s right on the climate science, he’s right on the climate science.

    My doctor could be an evolutionist, a creationist, or believe in intelligent design and it would make no difference. I’m going to him for his medical expertise, not his beliefs in other areas.

  7. Bob:

    You raise a valid point. And mostly I agree with you.
    But it still makes me uncomfortable.
    Would you trust your doctor’s judgment if he
    believed in elves?

    Larry

  8. I believe that Collins, J. 1967 and Mitchell, J. 1969 – Clouds, are considered authoritative on the subject, since they have observed them from all possible sides?

  9. Minor correction: CERES is an instrument that has been flown on different satellites: TRMM (which I’m currently working on), EOS Terra and EOS Aqua. The TRMM CERES instrument is defunct.

    FWIW: I did a Google on “computing regressions in the presence of correlation” and this article was rank 6. Seems you are coming up in the world.

    Larry,

    Such a belief would give pause but ultimately it would be based on medical conduct. My current doctor is fond of spouting off the results of certain medical research as if they were gospel (salt=bad, alcohol=bad, coffee=bad, “extra” weight calculated through BMI = bad, whatever seems fashionably bad = bad, etc.) but I figure that the only impact they have on our relationship is my having to endure periodic sermons.

    Keep in mind that Newton was an alchemist.

  10. DAV,

    Newton was an alchemist when alchemy was cool.

    Number 6, eh? Imagine the riches that await me when I’m number 1.

  11. I take a rather de haut en bas view of all this. I wrote my first mathematical model in 1967. I have written, or supervised the writing, of such models ever since. But I have also pursued experimental work so that I have had constant reminders not to fall in love with my models.

    The upshot is that I scorn the climate modellers. They are taking on a system that’s far too intricate for them to have much hope of success. Their chances of success are further handicapped by the fact that many of them seem to be fairly dim – really rather dud scientists – and woefully ignorant, especially of statistics. This is important because they need in the end to compare their prognostications with observations. These, however, are full of difficulties too. Add in the fact that their scientific culture is corrupt and that, alas, many of the individuals are all too obviously crooks, and my interest in “Climate Science” is dwindling away. My original curiosity has been largely satisfied – “Climate Science” really is a matter of hubris, incompetence and dishonesty.

    I just wonder which other parts of Science are as bad? Epidemiology?Human Nutrition?

  12. Nobody knows how to calculate the global temperature so nobody knows whether it is really increasing or decreasing. Hansen admitted this and then proceeded to calculate the global temperature, after suitable corrections. LOL The satellite measurements don’t show an increasing temperature.

    BTW, I used to design control systems. If you inadvertently design a servo system with positive feedback, it can do two things. It either latches up, full on or full off, or it limit cycles, off-on-off-on— AKA an oscillator.

  13. Briggs,
    Global Warming is cool too.

    dearieme,
    My ex was a model and I encountered many of her co-models. I can assure you that a mathematical model is a rarity. I guess you could say I fell in love with my model and am now suffering the consequences.

  14. Some were fooled but most were seduced. The amount or money/resources pouring into the field is enormous. If someone doubled or quadrupled my budget would I be tempted to continue saying the right things to keep getting the money?

    My mother believed she had and others had foretold the future as in dreams. Not all the time and not on demand but just that she had experienced it. When I was young I argued with her and perhaps sometimes I was rude since I of course knew it to be impossible. However she was a great mother and a great person, not crazy and very dependable.

    I have a very good friend who is destitute, living on SSI, who has for most of his life been convinced that eating anything but organic food would harm his health and shorten his life. I make fun of him and take him to McDonalds sometimes (where he won’t eat) but I still enjoy talking technical issues with him. He can’t afford to eat organic food at twice the cost of regular food but he believes out of faith that he is right. Just because someone believes in something you do not does not make them nuts or necessarily detract from their ability to reason.

  15. Spencer’s religious beliefs were highlighted in Wikipedia – for what purpose?
    Was it to make his scientific analysis sound more believable?

    We have to come to grips that everybodys’ befiefs sound wrong to us, unless we agree with them.
    Only one belief system sounds believable.
    The problem is that people of different beliefs cannot agree on which one is true.
    Agnosticism sounds best at first glance, but unfortunately it does not supply answers to most fundamental questions in life.

    We are left with a most unsatsifactory conclusion.
    We dont’ have all the answers.
    moreover those answers are just unobtainable.

    So accept a belief system (which others know is plainly wrong)
    OR accept that you are just completely clueless as to the most important questions.

    Hobsons Choice, if that conveys anything to you.

  16. Now back to the science.
    The bottom line seems to be the nature of feedbacks.
    Or the nature of greenhouse systems.
    Or is the earth’s climate a geedhouse?

    We can all have views on such issues and argue back and forth between believers and sceptics and go on without end.
    In the meanwhile steps are being taken progressively in economically advanced western nations, to put barriers in the way of the most effecient, lowest cost means of power creation.
    These steps are sometimes by cap and trad or taxation legleslation ,by government and administrative edict and by inducung businesses to bend with the wind and embrace changes in the direction desireed by believers.
    Costs are rising steadily as a result.

    The science behind AGW may be crumbling and skeptics may be feeling quite happy.
    Skeptics are being kept busy finding holes in AGW claims and in AGW enquiry whitewashes.

    But the AGW program is advancing steadily in the real world while we debate.

  17. One possible positive feedback says that as the temperature warms, low-level clouds decrease, which in turn lets in more sunlight, which causes more warming, which…well, you get the idea. Is this feedback genuine? There have been observations of fewer clouds, but the feedback could have worked in a negative direction, too. Fewer clouds could have let in more sun, which caused heating which led to fewer clouds, and so on.

    I must be missing something. I read this as saying that the positive feedback is

    warming -> fewer clouds -> more sunlight -> warming -> fewer clouds -> etc…

    and the negative feedback is

    fewer clouds -> more sunlight -> warming -> fewer clouds -> more sunlight -> etc…

    which is to say, the same thing with a different starting point. Is it accurate to say that if the system starts at A, it’s positive feedback, whereas if it starts at B, it’s negative feedback? That seems strange to me, but my uncertainty about this is large.

  18. Perhaps Dr Briggs is right – feedback may be positive and negative at different times and perhaps even neutral overall.

    That’s why, perhaps again, that I have found that the long term temperature at well dispursed locations in Australia may be explained by UHI, themometer site movement and rainfall fluctiations over 100 year plus periods.

    And rainfall fluctiates substantionally over multi decal periods but long term rainfall treds are flat in most locations.

  19. Briggs,
    I have a much simpler theory coming from Systems Analysis: Systems with net positive feedbacks cannot be stable over the long term.

    How can the Earth have survived for so long with many different CO2 levels and yet display relatively stable temperature bands ? (at least during inter-glacials).

    There must be balancing negative feedbacks in the system – clouds are the most likely, and one of the most the powerful of the potential candidates. Perhaps if Spencer had access to the billions thrown at warmista research he may be able to prove it.

  20. Briggs:

    Was there any mention of the fact that clouds also keep heat from leaving the planet? The effect of clouds is quite different in daytime or night.

  21. Have enjoyed reading this review and the comments. I don’t understand, though, why higher temperatures, which should allow more moisture to be held in the atmosphere, wouldn’t cause there to be more cloud cover.

  22. Oh, one point that isn’t de haut en bas – I have been mightily impressed by the quality of work by the blogging sceptics. To spare your blushes I’ll mention Steve McIntyre, Anthony Watts and Bishop Hill.

  23. In this context, what constitutes “raw” data? Surely it is not monthly data points, which are averages of daily max/min point-location readings “homogenized”, “spliced”, and “corrected” over vast areas as well as over time?

    The very concepts of “measurement” and “data” have little or nothing to do with CAGW theories. The models aren’t empirically-based, or as we like to say out here in fly-over country, “real”. I’m afraid that problem nags at Spencer’s theories, too.

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