Statistics

On The Role Of Genetics In Politics

Don't blame liberal Bill Maher. His genes made him do it.

Don’t blame liberal Bill Maher. His genes made him do it.

This paper is worth taking extra time to disassemble: “genopolitics” is part of a growing trend in the academy.

The Mating Game

If you can pass on your political “orientation” through your genes and your goal is national amity and you’re a Republican you should marry a Democrat. Your babies will be a purple blend of red and blue: they’ll subscribe to the New York Times, but won’t read it; they’ll attend NASCAR events, but pack arugula sandwiches; they’ll sign up for Womens Studies courses, but only for the easy As. Why, given three or four generations of selective breeding, we’d arrive finally at Utopia! As it is, given the growing disharmony in our public discourse, it must mean the Eloi and the Morlocks are only mating with their own.

Thoughts like these came from reading the peer-reviewedGenetic and Environmental Transmission of Political Orientations” in Political Psychology by Carolyn Funk, John Hibbing and Kevin Smith and a bunch of others, an example in a growing genre of research which argues political “orientation” (their word) is somehow—never mind how—selected for and passed on genetically. How to prove it?

In Hibbings et al.‘s case (Hibbing is most well known), they latched onto a bunch of monozygotic (MZ, genetically identical) and dizygotic (DZ, genetically similar but different) twins and asked them a series of questions. They figured that if “environmental determinants of trait similarity are held constant, and MZ twins are observed to be more alike than DZ twins [in their answers to the questions] the greater similarity of MZ twins must logically be due to genetic influences”. Simple, no?

The twins were from Minnesota born between 1947 to 1956. They tossed the boy-girl dizygotic twins, for obvious reasons. The database from which the twins were drawn contained “approximately 8,000 twin pairs”, but the authors never say how many were asked to be part of their study. They admit that everybody contacted did not participate, but all we know is in the end 1,192 people were analyzed. This is 596 pairs: 365 monozygotic, 240 dizygotic. Is that a good or bad response rate?

Question Digression

The questions the twins answered deserve special mention because much “science” is done in the same fashion. Works like this. A group “develops” a question like “On a scale of 1 to 5, how much do you dislike liberal policies?” and asks it of a group of volunteers (i.e., college students). After some tooling, the group calls this question a “validated instrument” and gives it a handy label, like “The Hate Index”. A second group develops a second question, like “On a scale of 1 to 9, how strongly do you support amnesty for illegal aliens?” It too will be validated and given the label “The Human Liberty Scale.”

A third group will ask both questions to a third set of volunteers. It will be found that the answers are crudely correlated, in the technical, statistical sense that those who answered high or low on the first question will more often answer high or low on the second. The third group will write a paper announcing this correlation with the words, “Hate drives dislike of undocumented immigrants.” Finally, a news organization will report on the study: “Republicans despise Mexicans.”

I do not exaggerate. Open any “soft” science journal and prove it to yourself. Same thing here.

“The first personality measure is a 44-item battery…to calculate individual measures for the personality traits extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness.” The word battery maintains its militaristic metaphor, I suppose. “The second personality measure is a right-wing authoritarianism scale created using the average of responses to a shortened 15-item battery”.

Also, “The two value measures are an egalitarianism scale, measured as the average response to five items that is adapted from Feldman and Steenbergen (2001), and a society works best index, which consists of an additive scale of social orientations for 12 items developed by Smith et al.” Lastly, “The two measures of political ideology are a 7-point ideological self-report (1 = extremely liberal, 7 = extremely conservative), and a Wilson-Patterson Index, which is a measure of conservatism based on responses to 27 issues adapted from Wilson and Patterson (1968).”

What is a “conservative,” what a “liberal”? The beliefs and policies of the two biggest parties in the United States have changed radically over the last century. Liberals once preached against “the man” but now embrace the surveillance state. Is the liberal who wants to maintain government growth “conservative” and the conservative who would dismantle bureaucracy “liberal”? Who is more “open to change”, liberals or conservatives? Depends on what is changing, on who you ask, on when you ask.

There is useful information to glean from asking people questions, but the more complicated a subject becomes the less it is likely simple questions suffice. Ask “Which is larger, 15 or 7?” and you reliably peg the mathematically literate. But try and discern the difference between (say) a person’s level of “bravery” and of his “courage” through questions? Could you even design a questionnaire that could reliably distinguish people’s recognition of their shades of meaning, let alone one which discovers if this recognition is genetically heritable?

Anyway, as claimed: a wearying cluster of questions given arbitrary labels and dumped into a statistical chomper to discover “correlations.” All these correlations ever reliably prove is that people answer similarly worded questions similarly and dissimilarly worded questions dissimilarly. Yet that never stops the theorizing, as we’ll see.

Genopolitics

Even if the questions are silly and don’t mean what the authors assert, it is still true that questions were put to pairs of genetically identical and genetically different twins, and if differences existed between the groups in the way these questions were answered then something accounted for these differences. That something can only be nature or nurture, biology or environment, or a combination of the two.

Nobody, not even the authors, not even Richard Dawkins, believes genetics predestine one to hold certain political views, but many suspect genetics play a role in “orienting” personalities in this or that direction. Yet which directions? The focus is always strangely narrowed to matters of politics. Nobody asks whether quarrelsome fathers sire quarrelsome daughters or whether odious mothers produce odious sons. Instead, researchers are sure the blue genes of parents are passed down to their children, and vice versa.

Now, nothing makes an academic curiouser than wondering why others don’t think like him. He voted for the Democrat, why didn’t his banker neighbor? The academic figures since the truth is out there and some can’t see it, some must be willfully ignoring it or something in their biological makeup causes the obvious blind-spots.

So he “researches.” The results are never pretty.Take the Harvard guys who told us that attending Fourth of July parades turns people into Republicans—only it turns out they never measured parade attendance. Or like those guys who told us that even a brief glimpse of the American flag turns one into a Republican—only their statistical model was so absurd that even a politician wouldn’t rely on it. Interested readers can peruse the The New Mismeasure Of Man: Official List for more examples (it needs updating).

Heritability surely plays a role in personality, but how personality filters up to decide political questions is a mystery. Is there a gene for the kind of gullibility required to swallow the concept of micro-aggression? Can genetics predict prodigal sons or how beliefs change as one ages? Do one’s genes really make him prefer the untested to the known? Who knows.

Results

We can ignore their Table 1 where we learn for example “Right-wing Authoritarianism” correlates (in the technical sense) weakly and negatively with “Openness.” Again, all this really proves is that people answer similarly worded questions similarly, and dissimilarly worded questions dissimilarly.

Hot tip: whenever you read a scientific paper where the actual data is tossed and replaced by statistical soup your Spidey sense should tingle madly. Why?, you should ask yourself, why are they not content with the actual numbers? Are they trying to hide something? Chances are, yes. Though it may only be that the researchers are infatuated with fancy techniques.

Hibbing et al. tossed their data and replaced it with statistical soup.

Specifically, they took answers from each question (“variables”) in order “to partition the variance of a single observed variable (a phenotype) into the latent (unobserved) components associated with genetic influence (A), common environment (C), and unique environment (E).” To observed the unobservable, they used something called the “Falconer approach”, which sounds more like a route up Mt Everest than a method of analysis, but let it pass. This approach “decomposed” the variance of each answer in some fixed way.

This is completely arbitrary but very inventive. The sexy sounding scientific labels “genetic influence (A), common environment (C), and unique environment (E)” were not found in the data. They made them up. They could have just as well have called them the Larry, Moe, and Curly dimensions of variability, and they could have gone on to tell stories about how the Larry dimension was erratic, the Moe dimension forceful, and the Curly dimension strangely adorable.

Forgive me if I worry you did not understand my last point. My powers of explanation are weak and I sometimes rush. The authors claimed that their method proved that so much of the variability in answers was due to “heritability”, so much due to “shared environment”, and so much due to “unique environment.” But there just is no way for them to have known how much of the differences in any answer was due to anything, except twin status.

Why? The only data they had was whether each person was a monozygotic or dizygotic twin and their answers on arbitrary questions. They did not and could not measure how alike each set of twins were raised; there were no environmental variables measured.

What they should have done is something like this. For each question, subtract answers between twins. So that if Mr Smith 1 answered “7” and Mr Smith 2 answered “6” the difference would be 1 (in absolute value; there is no need for numerical signs since there is no ordering of twins). Look at the distribution of subtracted answers for monozygotic and dizygotic twins and seen if there are differences in these distributions (not just means or correlations, which are rotten measures for discrete data like this). We would know whether there was a basis for believing monozygotic twins answer more similarly than dizygotic twins. For instance, if heritability were true (with respect to these questions) we’d expect the distributions for monozygotic twins to cluster around 0, whereas the dizygotic twins would be more spread out.

As it is, the statistical soup hints that the correlation on manipulated answers between monozygotic twins is slightly higher than for dizygotic twins. From this they try to say how heritability and environment “cause” these differences and how correlations between the arbitrary questions are politically meaningful (or meaningful to politics) using an ever-increasing tangle of statistics (all rehashing the same data repeatedly). But all this can be ignored. Grant it to them, even. Suppose it is true that there are differences in the way monozygotic and dizygotic twins answered questions. Does that prove genetic heritability with respect to these questions?

No.

Limitations

Any good scientific paper includes a list of hey-we-could-be-wrongs. This paper had none. Luckily, its limitations have been highlighted by at least one other researcher, “Evan Charney, an associate professor of public policy and political science at Duke University”, as reported in the Journal Star.

Charney nails the main objection: identical (monozygotic) twins are often raised differently than non-identical twins. Parents, having what they believe to be senses of humor, tend to dress identical twins identically, give them similar names, sign them up for identical activities, and on and on. This is why smart twin studies are keen on analyzing twins raised apart. Much easier—but not easy—to claim that similarities are genetic. Even twins raised apart share many environmental influences.

But studies of twins also tend to neglect the role other biological mechanisms, such as agents that activate certain aspects of genes, could have on imparting characteristics, Charney said. He said genes are only a small part of a much larger system of inheritance.

“Everything that Hibbing and company are working with is a completely static, reductionist, antiquated conception of genes and how they work,” he said.

Their research, Charney said, also reduces all political ideologies to conservative or liberal, neglecting innumerable political ideologies that can’t be considered either liberal or conservative.

“I think this is just completely pseudoscience,” he said.

Can’t say better than that.

——————————————————————-

Thanks to Tom Hendricks for alerting us to this study.

Categories: Statistics

28 replies »

  1. I’m also surprised you didn’t mention the link you retweeted yesterday:
    http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tomchiversscience/100253593/sugar-addiction-the-best-way-to-increase-human-freedom-may-be-stricter-laws/

    2 most important quotes I think from the article?

    We are our brains; it is meaningless to say these people were “free” to resist the impulses
    Free will is not a metaphysical reality, it is a resource, which different brains have in different measure – and if we want to maximise it in as many people as possible, the best way may, counterintuitively, be stricter laws.

    No it’s not just here either. You can see this idea growing in popular philosophy.

    And thus combine this with the study you mention in here and where could we be going?
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity_%28film%29

    “We meant it for the best…”

  2. Gary–I though Curly was adorable! Not too keen on the humor, but it definately beats out Bill Maher even if he’s unconscious.

    When discussing politics, the first question I have I what is a liberal versus a conservative? Look at JFK then LBJ. Both were democrats and as different as humanly possible. Was JFK a conservative? LBJ a liberal?

    If politics are genetics and the proper Conservative versus Liberal, Democrat versus Republican could really result in one big happy country, should they not have looked at the offspring of the likes of Arnie and Maria (Ex-California governor) and Mary Matlin and James Carville (these being the ultimate in off-the-scale opposites)? What do their children grow up to be–politically, that is? Are their children middle-of-the-roaders who agree with most other children raised in the same situation?

  3. @Nate Winchester –
    This idea has been around since Plato – that we can *make people better*. Robespierre and the Reign of terror was one of the first “modern” examples.

    Arthur Herman’s “The Cave and the Light” gives a wonderful history of western thought (and how basically what we see as a “new” idea today, is mostly a rehashing of ancient ides)!

  4. “Your babies will be a purple blend of red and blue.” The blending theory of inheritance strikes again. I’m reminded of this quote from Mayr: “It is remarkable how often a person who is trying to solve a particular evolutionary problem goes through the same sequence of unsuccessful attempts to find the solution, as has the whole field of evolutionary biology in its long history.” I know that you are joking, Briggs, but it still had to be said. Right, Sheri?

    Winchester, I guess that Tom Chivers has never heard of the obesity paradox or he would have been a little more careful with the data as it is not clear that he has plotted real data or model predictions.

    West, the rehashing of old as new is seen in many areas especially those labeled as progressive. There is no acknowledgement of the past and certainly no admissive of past failures. From my own experience this is most starkly seen in education research.

  5. Pseudoscience all right.

    People should call it what it is — EUGENICS … and we know where that ultimately led last time (to a courtroom in a place called Nuremburg)…..

    The trend, mostly among would-be-pseudo-intellectual-blowhards, to ascribe any & all things to genetics has gone way way overboard (i.e. that this or that infinitesimal particular trait or feature is a genetic product of evolutionary advantage). Even renowned atheist curmudgeon & PhD biologist PZ Myers has commented on this abuse.

    Genetic manipulation via breeding is by no means that refined, or refinable. Not even close.

    The fact is that even with highly selective breeding to achieve very particular traits (e.g. dog breeding programs) what is consistently observed is that a whole smorgasbord of incidental & unexpected traits come along for the ride, some significant (e.g. a dog breed bred for tracking for its observed sense of smell might in apparent happenstance also develop floppy ears from upright right ears–where the floppy feature helps stir up subtle scents & adding capability in detecting & following faint scent trails), many apparently random & indifferent (e.g long straight tails tend to give way to shorter curly tails).

    Conceptually, the concept of precisely refined genetic cause-effects may seem intellectually plausible…but that’s just one more example of the sort of things that liberals know that just ain’t so.

  6. Briggs,

    It would be a great if you can explain to your readers what factor analysis is and how an instrument is validated.

    Instead, researchers are sure the blue genes of parents are passed down to their children, and vice versa.

    While the authors point out that there is evidence of nature and nurture influences, I don’t think that they have attempted to identify what the genes could possibly be or how they affect one’s political ideologies. I guess you can call them blue genes (nature) or blue memes (culture and nurture).

    I think “republicans” play a recessive role in the law of Mendelian inheritance. My conclusion based on anecdotes. And, as a statistician, I do understand that plural of anecdotes are not data. Ha!

    Scotian,

    You beat me to it. It’s well-known that Darwin mechanism of natural selection couldn’t be realized under the assumption of blending theory. However, I’d not mind the end results of blending theory though in this case, i.e., current brands of republican and democrat will become extinct.

  7. JH,

    “The plural of anecdote is not data”

    Of course it’s not. For one thing, data as used in the English language is not plural. In fact since it is treated in English as a mass noun, it has no plural form.

  8. This idea has been around since Plato – that we can *make people better*. Robespierre and the Reign of terror was one of the first “modern” examples.

    Arthur Herman’s “The Cave and the Light” gives a wonderful history of western thought (and how basically what we see as a “new” idea today, is mostly a rehashing of ancient ides)!

    Hello other Nate W! 😉

    Of course all new ideas are just repackaged old ones, that’s just tradition. What I’m curious about is was this idea ever held with such religious fervor? Did Plato think his gods would endorse his thoughts?

    Yet what we’re seeing now is Science, the god of our time, is “endorsing” this idea. It’s like Lewis’ warning about tyrannies by moral busybodies. Although now it won’t just be their conscience that is soothed they’re “doing the right thing” but their rational minds that they’re “doing the correct thing”.

    That strikes me as worthy of whole new levels of terror…

  9. JH,

    Good suggestion. I should plan something on factor analysis. “Where creative writing meets statistics” or something like that. Used very often in marketing.

    All,

    I made a mistake, which I’ll fix. The media would report “Science Proves Republicans Despise Mexicans.”

    Scotian,

    If they’re favor on blending, if it was one gene, no blend. But these things usually claim, very vaguely, lots of genes, so a kind of blending is possible.

  10. Ken,

    Good find. Surprised but pleased to see this in Skeptic. Levitt of course well known.

  11. Briggs,

    Factor analysis is where linear algebra meets statistics. How math helps us explain latent patterns! Think Big. Think Data. High dimensional big data analysis!

    I’d be fun to do a research on how creative writing meets statistics at Fox News though.

    Why does N. Levitt say weird things?

  12. “I bet you know what I mean though.”

    Maybe, but it’s funnier to pretend I don’t. :-p

  13. Briggs, “But these things usually claim, very vaguely, lots of genes, so a kind of blending is possible.” But they are still looking for a binary result. How does that work?

  14. Scotian,

    They typically ask “How liberal are you on a scale from 1 to 10” (or words similar) and then dichotomize at an arbitrary cut point.

  15. JH,

    No choice. When you find a paper this screwy and do dissonant with reality, you can’t say anything but weird things.

  16. What are conservative and liberal? You have to go with their definitions. If you want to go with your definitions, then their study results obviously can’t hold.

    The paper mentions the results that openness to experience predicts a liberal ideology and conscientiousness predicts a conservative a conservative ideology. Don’t think this could be true statistically? I can’t tell you if this is true in general as I have not checked the data in the referenced paper. My personal experiences (anecdotes) tell me this might be true.

    There is no hate index. Where is the arbitrary dichotomy as stated in your response to Scotian’s question?

    What you say in this post bears some, but not much, resemblance to what’s concluded in the paper.

    The authors state that inherited traits “play a role in influencing predispositions for certain temperaments and behaviors, which then can interact with the environment to form political attitude predispositions,” and that that political attitudes have heritable components , but “this does not mean that they are determined by genetic factors.”

    So you are just so damn sure that all of the personality traits inherited from your parents play no role in shaping your political attitude.

    My comment is not to say that there are no flaws in their methods and analyses.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *